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作者 | Guanhong Feng Tianfu Xu Yue’an Zhao Fabrizio Gherardi

标题 | Heat mining from super-hot horizons of the Larderello geothermal field, Italy

来源 | Renewable Energy

编辑 | 地热小芯（添加微信号:geothermalAI,可获得相关资料）

→这是地热能在线AI地热小芯编辑的第1篇文章

01

全文导读

超高温岩石地热能是一种新兴的可再生无碳能源。本文首次尝试探索储层-井筒耦合系统中的流体和热流动力学，以评估超高温（>450°C）增强型地热系统（EGS）的发电性能。我们开发了一种高性能代码，并基于意大利拉德雷洛最近完成的深钻项目数据，构建了一个三维井筒-储层耦合模型。超高温EGS的一般模式表现为显著的温度下降（>60°C），之后生产流体从蒸汽演变为两相混合物，直至运行期结束。储层压力成为决定两相混合物温度的关键参数。通过真实捕捉运行过程中由耦合热水力过程驱动的相变，我们的数值模型预测了比基于超简化模型的先前尝试更低的发电效率。尽管这种建模方法最终用于评估特定系统的热力学可行性，但它提供了关于地壳中基本热水力过程的一般信息，这些信息可能适用于其他地区类似EGS项目的设计。

在本文中，我们通过热水力建模探讨了意大利拉德雷洛地热田深处超高温EGS的可行性。数值模拟的双重目的是：（i）深入了解与中地壳深度地热双井运行相关的流体和热传输的基本过程；（ii）初步评估长期用于常规水热资源开采的类似项目的热力学可行性。这一技术挑战响应了延长拉德雷洛地热田寿命并可能以可持续方式增加其生产力的需求。

尽管当前的近似，数值模拟揭示了在超临界地热条件下预期的基本热水力过程。这些信息不仅适用于拉德雷洛，也适用于其他中地壳深度的类似环境，以定义最适合的技术以保证电站的可持续运行，并适应地热双井可能下降的生产力的地面设备/技术。主要结果如下：

  • 在本研究考虑的条件下，地热双井大约十年产生蒸汽相。在12.5 kg/s的运行质量流率下，发电量可达6.5 MWe，相应的发电效率为0.52 MWe×s×kg-1，没有之前超简化模型计算的那么高。
  • 预测在两相条件开始时，出流温度会出现大于60°C的急剧下降，主要是由于饱和温度与储层原始温度之间的差异所引起。之后，出流在剩余的运行期间呈现为两相混合物，其温度由储层压力决定；
  • 储层压力成为控制系统热水力演变的关键因素，因为压力可以决定相变的时间和出流温度。一般来说，较高的储层压力有利于抵消温度下降并改善流体流动性；
  • 超高温EGS工程需要补偿性注入方案。需要仔细优化注入和生产流量，以减少可能对井口压力和温度产生不利影响的摩擦损失，从而影响整个能量转换过程。

02

HIGHLIGHT图片

Fig. 1 . Location map of the Larderello geothermal field (a) and temperature vs depth diagram of temperature values measured along the vertical profile of the Venelle 2 well (empty squares; b). Curves for temperature (T, red), pressure (P, blue), and steam saturation (S steam , green) calculated values are also provided (more details in the Supplementary Materials).

Fig. 2 . 3-D and X-Z 2-D view of the conceptual model of fractured reservoir.

Fig. 3 . Pressure, temperature, and steam saturation evolution at two observational points located at the top and the bottom of the fractured reservoir, along the production well. (a) Patterns over 100 years production. (b) Detail of first 17 years production.

Fig. 4 . Temperature, pressure and steam saturation along the line connecting the bottom hole of the injection (point “a”) and production (point “d”) wells after two selected times (3.7 and 6.5 years) close to the second temperature drop. Points marked “b” (x coordinate −120 m) and “c” (x coordinate +20 m) locate at intermediate distances between the two wells.

Fig. 5 . Temperature and steam saturation distribution along the X-Z cross-section connecting the injection and production wells after 30 years.

Fig. 6 . (a) Pressure, temperature, and steam saturation evolution at the production wellhead; (b) production flow rate and recovery percentage of injected water.

Fig. 7 . Pressure (a), temperature (b), steam saturation (c), and mixture density (d) evolution in the production well.

Fig. 8 . Fluid specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) range of currently operating geothermal power plants (modified after [ 57 ]).

Fig. 9 . Temporal evolution of heat flow (a), thermal and power generation, and conversion efficiency (b).

Fig. 10 . Temporal evolution of heat flow (a), thermal and power generation, and conversion efficiency (b) for different permeability cases.

Fig. 11 . Pressure (a) and temperature (b) patterns at the production wellhead under different conditions of fracture permeability.

Fig. 12 . Contribution of different mechanisms to the pressure change for different permeability values after 3.5 and 20 years.

Fig. 13 . Phase mobility contours under different pressure and temperature conditions.

免责声明：本文仅用于学术交流和传播，不构成投资建议

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